@article {sharan2018fsp,
	title = {Fast sparsity-promoting microseismic source estimation},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {216},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	note = {(Geophysical Journal International)},
	month = {01},
	pages = {164-181},
	abstract = {Microseismic events are generated during hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs and carry information on fracture locations and the origin times associated with these microseismic events. For drilling purposes and to prevent hazardous situations, we need to have accurate knowledge on the fracture locations as well as on their size, and their density. Because microseismic waves can travel far distances, microseismic data collected at the surface and or in boreholes can help us to monitor hydraulic fracturing. While so-called back propagation or time-reversal methods are able to focus recorded energy back onto the sources when a reasonable velocity model is available, these methods suffer from blurring especially in situations where the data acquisition suffers from lack of aperture, sparse sampling, and noise. As a result, these methods typically cannot resolve sources in close proximity, a desired feature since we need this information if we want to follow the fracture evolution in space and time. In that situation, we need to estimate the locations and the associated source-time functions for closely spaced microseismic sources along the active fractures. To overcome the limitations of time-reversal methods, we propose a wave-equation based inversion approach where we invert for the complete source wavefield in both space and time. By promoting sparsity on the source wavefield in space, we negate the effects of non-radiating sources during the inversion and obtain high-resolution intensity plots and high-fidelity estimates for the source-time functions. We obtain these results relatively fast by accelerating the linearized Bregman method with a dual formulation. Through experiments, we demonstrate that our method is computationally feasible, robust to noise, and works for closely spaced sources with overlapping source-time functions in complex geological settings.},
	keywords = {induced seismicity, Joint inversion, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.1093/gji/ggy415},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/GeophysicalJournalInternational/2018/sharan2018fsp/sharan2018fsp.pdf},
	author = {Shashin Sharan and Rongrong Wang and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {chai2016SEGlbm,
	title = {A linearized Bregman method for compressive waveform inversion},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2016},
	note = {(SEG, Dallas)},
	month = {10},
	pages = {1449-1454},
	abstract = {We present an implementation of a recently developed and relatively simple linearized Bregman method to solve the large-scale $\ell_1$-norm sparsity-promoting Gauss-Newton (GN) full-waveform inversion (FWI) problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate that: the much simpler linearized Bregman method does a comparable and even superior job compared to a state-of-the-art $\ell_1$-norm solver SPGL1, which is previously used in the modified Gauss-Newton FWI; the linearized Bregman method is also more efficient (faster) than SPGL1; the FWI result with the linearized Bregman method solving $\ell_1$-norm sparsity-promoting problems to get the model updates is better than that obtained by solving $\ell_2$-norm least-squares problems to get the model updates.},
	keywords = {Bregman method, SEG, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.1190/segam2016-13848105.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2016/chai2016SEGlbm/chai2016SEGlbm.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2016/chai2016SEGlbm/chai2016SEGlbm_pres.pdf},
	author = {Xintao Chai and Mengmeng Yang and Philipp A. Witte and Rongrong Wang and Zhilong Fang and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {esser2015SEGWSasf,
	title = {Automatic salt flooding with hinged FWI},
	booktitle = {SEG Workshop on Subsalt model buiding long to short wavelengths; New Orleans},
	year = {2015},
	note = {(SEG, New Orleans)},
	month = {10},
	keywords = {SEG, waveform inversion, workshop},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2015/esser2015SEGWSasf/esser2015SEGWSasf_pres.pdf},
	author = {Ernie Esser and Llu{\'\i}s Guasch and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {smithyman2015EAGEcwi,
	title = {Constrained waveform inversion of colocated VSP and surface seismic data},
	booktitle = {EAGE Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2015},
	note = {(EAGE, Madrid)},
	month = {06},
	abstract = {Constrained Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) is applied to produce a high-resolution velocity model from both Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) and surface seismic data. The case study comes from the Permian Basin in Texas, USA. This dataset motivates and tests several new developments in methodology that enable recovery of model results that sit within multiple a priori constraint sets. These constraints are imposed through a Projected Quasi-Newton (PQN) approach, wherein the projection set is the intersection of physical property bounds and anisotropic wavenumber filtering. This enables the method to recover geologically-reasonable models while preserving the fast model convergence offered by a quasi-Newton optimization scheme like l-BFGS. In the Permian Basin example, low-frequency data from both arrays are inverted together and regularized by this projection approach. Careful choice of the constraint sets is possible without requiring tradeoff parameters as in a quadratic penalty approach to regularization. Multiple 2D FWI results are combined to produce an interpolated 3D model that is consistent with the models from migration velocity analysis and VSP processing, while offering improved resolution and illumination of features from both datasets.},
	keywords = {EAGE, VSP, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.3997/2214-4609.201412906},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2015/smithyman2015EAGEcwi/smithyman2015EAGEcwi.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2015/smithyman2015EAGEcwi/smithyman2015EAGEcwi_pres.pdf},
	author = {Brendan R. Smithyman and Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {peters2015SIAMmfq,
	title = {Matrix-free quadratic-penalty methods for PDE-constrained optimization},
	booktitle = {SIAM Conference on Computational Science and Engineering},
	year = {2015},
	note = {(SIAM, Salt Lake City)},
	month = {03},
	abstract = {The large scale of seismic waveform inversion makes matrix free implementations essential. We show how to exploit the quadratic penalty structure to construct matrix free reduced-space and full-space algorithms, which have some advantages over the commonly used Lagrangian based methods for PDE-constrained optimization. This includes the construction of effective and sparse Hessian approximations and reduced sensitivity to the initial guess. A computational bottleneck is the need to solve a large least squares problem with a PDE block. When direct solvers are not available, we propose a fast matrix free iterative approach with reasonable memory requirements. It takes advantage of the structure of the least squares problem with a combination of preconditioning, low rank decomposition and deflation.},
	keywords = {least-squares, low-rank, PDE-constrained optimization, quadratic-penalty, waveform inversion},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SIAM/2015/peters2015SIAMmfq/peters2015SIAMmfq.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann and Chen Greif}
}
@techreport {peters2015EAGErwi,
	title = {Regularizing waveform inversion by projection onto intersections of convex sets},
	number = {TR-EOAS-2015-4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01},
	institution = {UBC},
	abstract = {A framework is proposed for regularizing the waveform inversion problem by projections onto intersections of convex sets. Multiple pieces of prior information about the geology are represented by multiple convex sets, for example limits on the velocity or minimum smoothness conditions on the model. The data-misfit is then minimized, such that the estimated model is always in the intersection of the convex sets. Therefore, it is clear what properties the estimated model will have at each iteration. This approach does not require any quadratic penalties to be used and thus avoids the known problems and limitations of those types of penalties. It is shown that by formulating waveform inversion as a constrained problem, regularization ideas such as Tikhonov regularization and gradient filtering can be incorporated into one framework. The algorithm is generally applicable, in the sense that it works with any (differentiable) objective function, several gradient and quasi-Newton based solvers and does not require significant additional computation. The method is demonstrated on the inversion of very noisy synthetic data and vertical seismic profiling field data.},
	keywords = {convex sets, regularization, waveform inversion},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/TechReport/2015/peters2015EAGErwi/peters2015EAGErwi.html},
	author = {Bas Peters and Brendan R. Smithyman and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@techreport {peters2015SEGrwi,
	title = {Regularizing waveform inversion by projections onto convex sets {\textendash}- application to the 2D Chevron 2014 synthetic blind-test dataset},
	number = {TR-EOAS-2015-7},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06},
	institution = {UBC},
	abstract = {A framework is proposed for regularizing the waveform inversion problem by projections onto intersections of convex sets. Multiple pieces of prior information about the geology are represented by multiple convex sets, for example limits on the velocity or minimum smoothness conditions on the model. The data-misfit is then minimized, such that the estimated model is always in the intersection of the convex sets. Therefore, it is clear what properties the estimated model will have at each iteration. This approach does not require any quadratic penalties to be used and thus avoids the known problems and limitations of those types of penalties. It is shown that by formulating waveform inversion as a constrained problem, regularization ideas such as Tikhonov regularization and gradient filtering can be incorporated into one framework. The algorithm is generally applicable, in the sense that it works with any (differentiable) objective function and does not require significant additional computation. The method is demonstrated on the inversion of the 2D marine isotropic elastic synthetic seismic benchmark by Chevron using an acoustic modeling code. To highlight the effect of the projections, we apply no data pre-processing.},
	keywords = {blind-test, projection, regularization, SEG, Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion, waveform inversion},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/TechReport/2015/peters2015SEGrwi/peters2015SEGrwi.html},
	author = {Bas Peters and Zhilong Fang and Brendan R. Smithyman and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {peters2015SEGWSsew,
	title = {Simultaneous estimation of wavefields and medium parameters - reduced-space versus full-space waveform inversion},
	booktitle = {SEG Workshop on The Limit of FWI in Subsurface Parameter Recovery; New Orleans},
	year = {2015},
	note = {(SEG, New Orleans)},
	month = {10},
	keywords = {full-space, PDE-constrained optimization, quadratic penalty method, SEG, waveform inversion, workshop},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2015/peters2015SEGWSsew/peters2015SEGWSsew_pres.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {vanLeeuwen2014GEOPcav,
	title = {Comment on: {\textquotedblleft}Application of the variable projection scheme for frequency-domain full-waveform inversion{\textquotedblright} (M. Li, J. Rickett, and A. Abubakar, Geophysics, 78, no. 6, R249{\textendash}R257)},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {79},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	note = {(discussion by Tristan van Leeuwen, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, and Felix J. Herrmann)},
	month = {05},
	pages = {X11-X17},
	keywords = {variable projection, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2013-0466.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2014/vanLeeuwen2014GEOPcav/vanLeeuwen2014GEOPcav.pdf},
	author = {Tristan van Leeuwen and Aleksandr Y. Aravkin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {herrmann2013TLEffwi,
	title = {Frugal full-waveform inversion: from theory to a practical algorithm},
	journal = {The Leading Edge},
	volume = {32},
	number = {9},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09},
	pages = {1082-1092},
	abstract = {As conventional oil and gas fields are maturing, our profession is challenged to come up with the next-generation of more and more sophisticated exploration tools. In exploration seismology this trend has led to the emergence of wave-equation based inversion technologies such as reverse-time migration and full-waveform inversion. While significant progress has been made in wave-equation based inversion, major challenges remain in the development of robust and computationally feasible workflows that give reliable results in geophysically challenging areas that may include ultra-low shear velocity zones or high-velocity salt. Moreover, sub-salt production carries risks that needs mitigation, which raises the bar from creating sub-salt images to inverting for sub-salt overpressure.},
	keywords = {Optimization, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.1190/tle32091082.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/TheLeadingEdge/2013/herrmann2013ffwi/herrmann2013ffwi.html},
	author = {Felix J. Herrmann and Andrew J. Calvert and Ian Hanlon and Mostafa Javanmehri and Rajiv Kumar and Tristan van Leeuwen and Xiang Li and Brendan R. Smithyman and Eric Takam Takougang and Haneet Wason}
}
@techreport {vanLeeuwen2013Penalty2,
	title = {A penalty method for PDE-constrained optimization},
	number = {TR-EOAS-2013-6},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04},
	institution = {UBC},
	abstract = {We present a method for solving PDE constrained optimization problems based on a penalty formulation. This method aims to combine advantages of both full-space and reduced methods by exploiting a large search-space (consisting of both control and state variables) while allowing for an efficient implementation that avoids storing and updating the state-variables. This leads to a method that has roughly the same per-iteration complexity as conventional reduced approaches while dening an objective that is less non-linear in the control variable by implicitly relaxing the constraint. We apply the method to a seismic inverse problem where it leads to a particularly ecient implementation when compared to a conventional reduced approach as it avoids the use of adjoint state-variables. Numerical examples illustrate the approach and suggest that the proposed formulation can indeed mitigate some of the well-known problems with local minima in the seismic inverse problem.},
	keywords = {Optimization, waveform inversion},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/TechReport/2013/vanLeeuwen2013Penalty2/vanLeeuwen2013Penalty2.pdf},
	author = {Tristan van Leeuwen and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {lin2013GEOPrepsi,
	title = {Robust estimation of primaries by sparse inversion via one-norm minimization},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {78},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05},
	pages = {R133-R150},
	abstract = {A recently proposed method called estimation of primaries by sparse inversion (EPSI) avoids the need for adaptive subtraction of approximate multiple predictions by directly inverting for the multiple-free subsurface impulse response as a collection of band-limited spikes. Although it can be shown that the correct primary impulse response is obtained through the sparsest possible solution, the original EPSI algorithm was not designed to take advantage of this result, and instead it relies on a multitude of inversion parameters, such as the level of sparsity per gradient update. We proposed and tested a new algorithm, named robust EPSI, in which we make obtaining the sparsest solution an explicit goal. Our approach remains a gradient-based approach like the original algorithm, but it is derived from a new biconvex optimization framework based on an extended basis-pursuit denoising formulation. Furthermore, because it is based on a general framework, robust EPSI can recover the impulse response in transform domains, such as sparsifying curvelet-based representations, without changing the underlying algorithm. We discovered that the sparsity-minimizing objective of our formulation enabled it to operate successfully on a variety of synthetic and field marine data sets without excessive tweaking of inversion parameters. We also found that recovering the solution in alternate sparsity domains can significantly improve the quality of the directly estimated primaries, especially for weaker late-arrival events. In addition, we found that robust EPSI produces a more artifact-free impulse response compared to the original algorithm.},
	keywords = {algorithm, biconvex, EPSI, multiples, Optimization, Pareto, sparsity, waveform inversion},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2012-0097.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2013/lin2013GEOPrepsi/lin2013GEOPrepsi.pdf},
	author = {Tim T.Y. Lin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {min2012EAGEefwi,
	title = {Frequency-domain elastic waveform inversion using weighting factors related to source-deconvolved residuals},
	booktitle = {EAGE Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06},
	abstract = {One of the limitations in seismic waveform inversion is that inversion results are very sensitive to initial guesses, which may be because the gradients computed at each frequency are not properly weighted depending on given models.Analyzingthe conventional waveform inversion algorithms using the pseudo-Hessian matrix as a pre-conditioner shows that the gradientsdo not properly describe the feature of given models or high- and low-end frequencies do not contribute the model parameter updates due to banded spectra of source wavelet. For a better waveform inversion algorithm, we propose applying weighting factors to gradients computed at each frequency. The weighting factors are designed using the source-deconvolved back-propagated wavefields. Numerical results for the SEG/EAGE salt model show that the weighting method improves gradient images and its inversion results are compatible with true velocities even with poorly estimated initial guesses.},
	keywords = {EAGE, elastic, frequency-domain, waveform inversion, weighting factors},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2012/min2012EAGEefwi/min2012EAGEefwi.pdf},
	url2 = {http://earthdoc.eage.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication=59623},
	author = {Ju-Won Oh and Dong-Joo Min and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {min2012CSEGrgfe,
	title = {Re-establishment of gradient in frequency-domain elastic waveform inversion},
	booktitle = {CSEG Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02},
	abstract = {To obtain solutions close to global minimum in waveform inversion, the gradients computed at each frequency need to be weighted to appropriately describe the residuals between modeled and field data. While the low-frequency components of the gradients should be weighted to recover the long-wavelength structures, the high-frequency components of the gradients need to be weighted when the short-wavelength structures are restored. However, the conventional elastic waveform inversion algorithms cannot properly weight the gradients computed at each frequency. When gradients are scaled using the pseudo-Hessian matrix inside the frequency loop, gradients obtained at high frequencies are over-emphasized. When the gradients are scaled outside the frequency loop, gradients are weighted by the source spectra. In this study, we propose applying weighting factors to the gradients obtained at each frequency so that gradients can properly reflect the differences between the true and assumed models satisfying the general inverse theory. The weighting factors are composed by the backpropagated residuals. Numerical examples for the simple rectangular-shaped model and the modified version of the Marmousi-2 model show that the weighting method enhances gradient images and inversion results compared to the conventional inversion algorithms.},
	keywords = {elastic, frequency-domain, waveform inversion, weighting factors},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/CSEG/2012/min2012CSEGrgfe/min2012CSEGrgfe.pdf},
	author = {Ju-Won Oh and Dong-Joo Min and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
