@unpublished {zeng2026IMAGEbjv,
	title = {Bayesian Joint Velocity and Impedance Inversion via Diffusion Models Conditioned on Common Image Gathers},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {We present a multi-parameter simulation-based inference framework for joint Bayesian recovery of subsurface velocity and acoustic impedance from seismic data. A score-based diffusion model is conditioned on two complementary Common Image Gathers (CIGs): an inverse-scattering CIG encoding reflectivity amplitude and an anti-ISIC CIG encoding kinematic velocity errors. The model simultaneously samples the posterior distributions of both parameters. Training labels are deliberately decoupled to prevent the model from exploiting the Gardner relationship: velocity targets are lightly smoothed to match the long-wavelength content of the anti-ISIC CIG, while impedance targets retain the unsmoothed ground truth. On the Compass benchmark the model achieves velocity SSIM of 0.967 (RMSE 0.050 km/s) and impedance SSIM 0.867 (RMSE 0.279 km/s{\textperiodcentered}g/cm{\textthreesuperior}), with velocity quality confirmed by CIG focusing.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/zeng2026IMAGEbjv/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/zeng2026IMAGEbjv/IMAGE_Yunlin.pdf},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {gahlot2026IMAGEirs,
	title = {Improving reservoir state prediction in digital shadows using Radon-transformed subsurface common-offset gathers},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {Digital shadows for subsurface monitoring use simulation-based inference to map seismic and well-log observations to evolving reservoir states such as CO 2  saturation and pressure. When the simulation forward models rely on simplified or misspecified rock physics, predictions become biased and uncertainty quantification degrades. We address this by combining rock-physics-aware amortized Bayesian inference with inference in the Radon domain of common-image gathers (CIGs). Angle-dependent information from Radon-transformed subsurface offset gathers improves separation of fluid and stress effects: fluids exhibit distinct amplitude-variation-with-angle (AVA) signatures, so conditioning the digital shadow on angle gathers yields more accurate and physically consistent joint estimates of saturation and pressure than conditioning on migrated stacks or offset-domain gathers. We train a context-aware amortized posterior estimator that conditions on seismic data and rock-physics context, enabling robustness to model misspecification and structured what-if analysis at inference time without retraining. On a synthetic 2D geological carbon storage scenario, conditioning on Radon-transformed CIGs improves joint saturation and pressure prediction relative to reverse-time migrated images, while context conditioning preserves interpretability and calibration under rock physics uncertainty.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/gahlot2026IMAGEirs/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/gahlot2026IMAGEirs/IMAGE_Abhinav.pdf},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {li2026IMAGEsca,
	title = {JUDIAgent: a scientific coding agent for JUDI workflows in wave-equation imaging},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {We present JUDIAgent, a scientific coding assistant for JUDI.jl, an open-source Julia framework for wave-equation-based seismic modeling, imaging, and inversion. In seismic experimentation, the practical difficulty is not only writing executable code, but assembling a complete seismic workflow with the required physical model, acquisition geometry, modeling or migration operator, and saved outputs needed for inspection. JUDIAgent addresses this problem by retrieving JUDI examples, generating Julia code, running the code in the target environment, and checking whether the generated script contains the requested workflow pieces and outputs, such as acquisition geometry and saved figures. We demonstrate the system with validated 2D forward-modeling and reverse-time migration (RTM) examples. These case studies show that, for JUDI-based seismic scripts, domain-aware validation can turn a lightweight user request into a more complete experimental workflow by detecting missing workflow steps that are not captured by runtime correctness alone and by making the resulting scripts easier to inspect and revise.},
	keywords = {Agentic AI, devito, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, JUDI, RTM, scientific coding agent, SEG},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/li2026IMAGEsca/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/li2026IMAGEsca/IMAGE_Haoyun.pdf},
	author = {Haoyun Li and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {park2026IMAGEnoa,
	title = {Neural Operators with Accurate Jacobian for High-Fidelity Image-Domain Seismic Inversion},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {Neural operators (NOs) provide efficient surrogates for wave-equation-based imaging operators, but accurate forward prediction alone does not guarantee reliable inversion. As inversion updates depend on the adjoint Jacobian, errors in learned sensitivities lead to unphysical updates and degraded quality in recovered models. To this end, we propose a Jacobian-informed training strategy that enforces accuracy in Jacobian in the directions where gradient descent occurs during Least-Squares. Numerical experiments with Fourier Neural Operators demonstrate that supervising only a small fraction ($0.1 \sim 0.01\%$) of Jacobian information significantly improves gradient quality and leads to more accurate subsurface velocity reconstruction. In particular, the proposed approach reduces mid to deep layer artifacts and improves structural continuity compared to models trained only with forward misfit term. These results highlight that learning inversion-relevant sensitivities, rather than forward mappings alone, is critical for reliable surrogate-assisted seismic inversion.},
	keywords = {deep learning, derivative-informed, Fisher-information, FNO, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, reduced-order modeling, RTM, SEG, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/park2026IMAGEnoa/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/park2026IMAGEnoa/IMAGE_Jayjay.pdf},
	author = {Jeongjin Park and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Grant Bruer and Richard Rex and Nisha Chandramoorthy and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {erdinc2026IMAGEsai,
	title = {SAGE: Subsurface AI-driven Geostatistical Extraction with proxy posterior},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {Recent advances in generative networks have enabled new approaches to subsurface velocity model synthesis, offering a compelling alternative to traditional methods such as Full Waveform Inversion. However, these approaches predominantly rely on the availability of large-scale datasets of high-quality, geologically realistic subsurface velocity models, which are often difficult to obtain in practice. We introduce SAGE, a novel framework for statistically consistent proxy velocity generation from incomplete observations, specifically sparse well logs and migrated seismic images. During training, SAGE learns a proxy posterior over velocity models conditioned on both modalities (wells and seismic); at inference, it produces full-resolution velocity fields conditioned solely on migrated images, with well information implicitly encoded in the learned distribution. This enables the generation of geologically plausible and statistically accurate velocity realizations. We validate SAGE on both synthetic and field datasets, demonstrating its ability to capture complex subsurface variability under limited observational constraints. Furthermore, samples drawn from the learned proxy distribution can be leveraged to train downstream networks, supporting inversion workflows. Overall, SAGE provides a scalable and data-efficient pathway toward learning geological proxy posterior for seismic imaging and inversion. Repo link: https://github.com/slimgroup/SAGE."},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, RTM, SAGE, score, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/erdinc2026IMAGEsai/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/erdinc2026IMAGEsai/IMAGE_Tuna.pdf},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Ipsita Bhar and Rafael Orozco and Thales Souza and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {zeng2026IMAGEssn,
	title = {Self-attention summary networks for subsurface velocity-model building from common-image gathers},
	year = {2026},
	month = {3},
	abstract = {Common-image gathers (CIGs) contain physically meaningful information about velocity-model errors through reflector focusing and residual moveout, but in conventional imaging workflows they are typically used only as diagnostic tools. In this work, we propose a multiscale self-attention summary network that maps high-dimensional 3D CIG volumes into compact conditioning embeddings for probabilistic subsurface velocity inversion. These learned embeddings preserve offset-dependent kinematic structure and spatial coherence while reducing variability caused by background-velocity mismatch. Conditioned on these summary embeddings, a flow-matching model learns a transport from a Gaussian source distribution to the posterior distribution of plausible velocity fields. Numerical experiments show that, compared with direct conditioning on raw CIGs, the proposed summary network improves posterior velocity inference. In particular, the multiscale attention design provides greater robustness to background-model mismatch, yielding more accurate posterior reconstructions and lower predictive uncertainty.},
	keywords = {attention, Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, learned summary statistics, RTM, SEG, uncertainty calibration, Uncertainty quantification, velocity model building, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/zeng2026IMAGEssn/abstract.html},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2026/zeng2026IMAGEssn/IMAGE_Shiqin.pdf},
	author = {Shiqin Zeng and Yunlin Zeng and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Zijun Deng and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {gahlot2025EAGEagc,
	title = {Advancing Geological Carbon Storage Monitoring with 3D Digital Shadow Technology},
	year = {2025},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {3D digital shadow, Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2025/gahlot2025EAGEagc/abstract.html},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025IMSIafi,
	title = {Amortized Full-Waveform Inference w/ Learned Summary Statistics},
	booktitle = {Reduced Order and Surrogate Modeling for Digital Twins, IMSI, Chicago},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	keywords = {attention, Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, learned summary statistics, RTM, SEG, uncertainty calibration, Uncertainty quantification, velocity model building, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IMSI/2025/herrmann2025IMSIafi},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Shiqin Zeng and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann20205IMAGEapg,
	title = {Attention Please: Getting the Most from CIGs with Learned Summary Statistics},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {attention, Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, learned summary statistics, RTM, SEG, uncertainty calibration, Uncertainty quantification, velocity model building, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/herrmann20205IMAGEapg},
	author = {Shiqin Zeng and Rafael Orozco and Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2025ML4SEISMICbde,
	title = {Background-Conditioned Diffusion Inversion for Seismic Velocity Models},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Accurate seismic imaging and velocity estimation are important for subsurface characterization, yet conventional full-waveform inversion remains computationally expensive and highly sensitive to initial velocity models. To address these challenges, we propose a simulation-based inference framework using conditional elucidated diffusion models for posterior velocity-model sampling. Our approach integrates both horizontal and vertical subsurface-offset common-image gathers to capture a wider range of reflector geometries, from gently dipping to steeply inclined layers. We further condition the model on the background-velocity field to improve generalization across diverse geological settings. Evaluations on the SEAM dataset, which includes complex salt geometries, demonstrate that this conditioning substantially improves performance, increasing SSIM from 0.717 to 0.733 and reducing RMSE from 0.381 km/s to 0.274 km/s. Uncertainty analysis further shows enhanced calibration, lowering uncertainty calibration error from 6.68 km/s to 3.91 km/s. These results confirm that our diffusion-based simulation framework enables robust seismic inversion with reliable uncertainty quantification.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, MVA, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/zeng2025ML4SEISMICbde},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {li2025IMAGEceo,
	title = {CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Through Digital Shadow Modeling},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, EOR, experimental design, FWI, GCS, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/li2025IMAGEceo},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/li2025IMAGEceo/IMAGE_Haoyun.pdf},
	author = {Haoyun Li and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025SEGSPEcua,
	title = {Context- and uncertainty-aware Digital Twins for Integrated Reservoir Management},
	booktitle = {SEG/SPE 2nd Integrated Reservoir Characterization, Surveillance, and Management Workshop: Advances and Challenges},
	year = {2025},
	month = {7},
	abstract = {We present a new framework for Digital Twins (DTs) that supports uncertainty-aware monitoring, optimization, and risk management of underground storage operations, with a particular focus on Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The proposed DT addresses key challenges in reservoir characterization, surveillance, and management by integrating generative AI methods with simulation-based inference, enabling scalable, probabilistic decision support under uncertainty. Our approach combines sensitivity-aware amortized Bayesian inference (SA-ABI) with ensemble-based data assimilation to efficiently incorporate multimodal time-lapse observations, such as seismic and well data, into dynamic reservoir models. By embedding context-awareness into neural networks, we account for variability in rock-physics relationships linking pressure, saturation, and seismic responses, and quantify uncertainties arising from model misspecifications{\textendash}-e.g. usage of patchy versus uniform saturation models. Computational efficiency is maintained through weight sharing across the network trained on different rock-physics scenarios, enabling rapid evaluation of the impact changing the underlying rock-physics model. The DT is built on industry-strength open-source software: {\textquoteleft}JutulDarcy.jl{\textquoteleft} for fully coupled multiphase flow simulations and {\textquoteleft}JUDI.jl{\textquoteleft}, a seismic inversion package leveraging the {\textquoteleft}Devito{\textquoteleft} finite-difference framework. This computational foundation allows scalable integration of physics-based simulations and data assimilation across large reservoir models, while retaining flexibility to adapt to varying physical contexts such as the inclusion of pressure-dependence of the compressional wavespeed. The resulting DT not only delivers posterior distributions for the reservoir{\textquoteright}s state (pressure/saturation) conditioned on available observations but also enables rapid {\textquotedblleft}what-if{\textquotedblright} scenario analysis by drawing posterior samples across a range of physical contexts without retraining. This capability supports proactive storage management, optimization of injection operations, and improved assurance of storage conformance.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, SEG, SPE, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEGSPE/2025/herrmann2025SEGSPEcua},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Ipsita Bhar and Haoyun Li and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025AIDT4EScad,
	title = {Context-aware Digital Twin for Underground Storage},
	booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Digital Twins for Earth Systems 2025, Austin, TX},
	year = {2025},
	month = {9},
	keywords = {AIDT4ES, Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/AIDT4ES/2025/herrmann2025AIDT4EScad},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Haoyun Li and Ipsita Bhar and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025IMSIcad,
	title = {Context-Aware Digital Twin for Underground Storage Operations and Decision Making},
	booktitle = {Data Assimilation and Inverse Problems for Digital Twins Workshop 205, IMSI, Chicago},
	year = {2025},
	month = {10},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, decision making, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IMSI/2025/herrmann2025IMSIcad},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Haoyun Li and Ipsita Bhar and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {li2025ML4SEISMICdsc,
	title = {Digital Shadow for CO2-based Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR)},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {We present a Digital Shadow for CO2-based Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR), a data-driven surrogate model that predicts reservoir dynamics by conditioning on time-lapse seismic observations. Built upon conditional normalizing flows, the Digital Shadow learns the posterior distribution of subsurface states{\textemdash}CO2 and oil saturation{\textemdash}conditioned on seismic data generated through coupled multiphase flow and rock-physics modeling. The framework integrates high-fidelity simulations with JutulDarcy.jl, nonlinear seismic forward modeling and imaging with JUDI.jl, and nonlinear rock-physics mappings to relate saturation changes to changes in the acoustic properties. Trained on 128 stochastic realizations derived from a North Sea permeability distribution, the model achieves accurate posterior samples for the saturation fields with high structural similarity to the ground truth. This work demonstrates how integrating differentiable physics with generative modeling enables seismic-informed monitoring of CO2 plume evolution and oil recovery, laying the foundation for a Digital Twin of CO2-based EOR operations.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, EOR, experimental design, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, permeability, reservoir simulation, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/li2025ML4SEISMICdsc},
	author = {Haoyun Li and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Olav Moyner and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {cirakman2025IMAGEesp,
	title = {Efficient and scalable posterior surrogate for seismic inversion via wavelet score-based generative models},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, power-scaling, RTM, score, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/cirakman2025IMAGEesp},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/cirakman2025IMAGEesp/IMAGE_Ege.pdf},
	author = {Ege Cirakman and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {gahlot2025EAGEerd,
	title = {Enhancing robustness of Digital Shadow for CO 2  Storage Monitoring with Augmented Rock Physics Modeling},
	year = {2025},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, augmentation, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, rock physics, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2025/gahlot2025EAGEerd/abstract.html},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2025IMAGEfwi,
	title = {Full-waveform variational inference with common-image gathers},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/zeng2025IMAGEfwi/IMAGE_Yunlin.pdf},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {gahlot2025SIAMiac,
	title = {It{\textquoteright}s All in the Context: Sensitivity-Aware Digital Twins for Underground Storage},
	booktitle = {SIAM Conference on Mathematical \& Computational Issues in the Geosciences, Baton Rouge},
	year = {2025},
	month = {10},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, decision making, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, SIAM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SIAM/2025/gahlot2025SIAMiac},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Ipsita Bhar and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {gahlot2025ML4SEISMICmrm,
	title = {Mitigating Rock-Physics Model Misspecification in Digital Shadows via Amortized Bayesian Inference},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Digital shadows for subsurface monitoring rely on simulation-based inference to map seismic observations to evolving reservoir states. However, when the simulations are generated using simplified or different rock physics models than those governing the observed data, model misspecification leads to biased posterior estimates and degraded uncertainty quantification. We address this challenge through Bayesian frameworks including rock-physics marginalization and a context-aware amortized inference using conditional normalizing flows. The framework learns a mapping from seismic responses to pressure and saturation while accounting for variability across different randomly drawn models for the rock-physics. To enhance sensitivity to fluid and stress effects, we also incorporate pressure-dependent rock physics into the seismic forward model and perform inference in the Radon domain of Common Image Gathers (CIGs) instead of conventional RTM images. Because fluids exhibit distinct angle-dependent signatures in AVA responses, Radon-transformed CIGs are expected to provide improved separation between pressure and saturation effects, leading to more accurate and physically consistent state estimates. Thus, it enables an uncertainty-aware, physics-informed digital shadows under rock-physics model mismatch.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/gahlot2025ML4SEISMICmrm},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Ipsita Bhar and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {cirakman2025ML4SEISMICpss,
	title = {Multiscale Wavelet Score-based Posterior Approximations for Seismic Inversion},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {We present a cascaded conditional wavelet score{\textendash}based posterior surrogate (CWSGM) for seismic inversion that generates samples of subsurface velocity fields conditioned on physics-derived summaries (e.g., RTM images). Through multi-scale wavelet-based whitening, we specifically address ill-conditioning of the velocity model{\textquoteright}s covariance (due to its fractal-like 1/f power spectrum), whose long range correlations hamper training neural networks to approximate the score function. This strategy improves the conditioning of the score-learning problem and accelerates both training and sampling. Experiments on the North Sea BG Model demonstrate that CWSGM accurately captures long-range geological correlations while reducing GPU memory usage by approximately 50\% and sampling time by 73\% compared to a single-scale vanilla score model. Overall, our approach enables efficient multi-scale generation of subsurface velocities at lower computational cost and provides a foundation for exploring alternative multiscale transforms that are more optimally aligned with seismic observations.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, power-scaling, RTM, score, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/cirakman2025ML4SEISMICpss},
	author = {Ege Cirakman and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {erdinc2025ML4SEISMICpbi,
	title = {Power-scaled Bayesian inference for velocity-model estimation},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Score-based generative models have emerged as powerful tools for conditional generation in Bayesian inference. While promising, a common criticism of these methods is their reliance on strong, structured priors, which can dominate the inference process and limit the network{\textquoteright}s dependence on observed data. To address this issue, we propose a modification to the generative sampling algorithm that incorporates power scaling of both priors and likelihoods. Our approach enables flexible control over the relative influence of the prior and likelihood without requiring retraining for different scaling configurations. We demonstrate this in the context of synthesizing seismic velocity models conditioned on imaged seismic data. By sampling from intermediate power posteriors, our method naturally supports sensitivity analysis and allows us to assess how varying prior and likelihood weights determines the behavior of the posterior. Through a comprehensive set of experiments, we examine the impact of the power parameters in three scenarios: scaling only the prior, scaling only the likelihood, and scaling both simultaneously. The results show that increasing the likelihood power up to a certain threshold improves the fidelity of posterior samples to the conditioning data, while reducing prior power increases structural diversity in the generated models. Furthermore, moderate likelihood scaling leads to reduced shot data residuals, demonstrating its effectiveness for posterior refinement.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, power-scaling, RTM, score, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/erdinc2025ML4SEISMICpbi},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Yunlin Zeng and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {erdinc2025IMAGEpbi,
	title = {Power-scaled Bayesian inference with score-based generative models},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, power-scaling, RTM, score, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2504.10807},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/erdinc2025IMAGEpbi},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/erdinc2025IMAGEpbi/IMAGE_Tuna.pdf},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Yunlin Zeng and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {henriksson2025ML4SEISMICpss,
	title = {Predicting Subsurface CO2 Saturation using Late Fusion of Seismic and Streaming Well Data},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Determining subsurface flow of CO2 in porous rock formations is a challenging task especially when it involves intergration of multimodal data that are collected at disparate timescales. In this work, we investigate how data fushion can be used to integrate multimodal data consisting on infrequently collected active-source seismic surveys and continuous streaming data of saturation measurements collected at monitoring wells. For the purpose, we propose a data fusion framework based on late fusion, which combines seismic images, computed from seismic surveys, with time-series data collected at the wells. By integrating the spatial information from seismic data with high-resolution but sparce spatial-temporal patterns from wells, we aim to better approximate the complex CO2 flow patterns.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, late fusion, ML4SEISMIC, permeability, reservoir simulation, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/henriksson2025ML4SEISMICpss},
	author = {Victor Henriksson and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {li2025ML4SEISMICric,
	title = {Risk-Aware Injectivity Control for Energy Storage},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {We introduce a digital-twin{\textendash}driven framework for real-time injectivity control that maximizes injected CO2 while enforcing reservoir safety. The forward model is a multiphase flow simulator evolving reservoir states under injectivity controls q; time-lapse seismic acts as the observation operator to reduce uncertainty of the the state (reservoir{\textquoteright}s saturation/pressure). Risk is handled via two complementary metrics: the Probability of Failure (POF) for exceedance likelihood and the less conservative CVaR (superquantile) for tail severity. For the optimization, we employ smooth surrogates{\textemdash}a logistic exceedance rate for POF and the Rockafellar{\textendash}Uryasev formulation for CVaR{\textemdash}enabling gradient-based control with constraints. Within a finite-horizon Model Predictive Control (MPC) loop, we optimize a trajectory per posterior sample and aggregate the ensemble of optimal rates into an empirical (KDE-kernel) Cumulative Density Function (CDF) with binomial confidence bands; the final controlled injectivity q is chosen as the largest rate whose upper confidence bound satisfies the target risk level. Case studies demonstrate that POF-constrained optimization is more conservative than CVaR-based optimization, In addition, sensitivity of the policy to the CVaR tail level, α, is reduced compared to POF{\textquoteright}s parameter sensitivity, allowing for adaptive, uncertainty-aware control that balances injectivity and fracture risk. The proposed framework also unifies time-lapse seismic-informed inference, risk metrics, and MPC into a practical approach for safe high-throughput underground energy storage.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, EOR, experimental design, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, permeability, reservoir simulation, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/li2025ML4SEISMICric},
	author = {Haoyun Li and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025EAGEssf,
	title = {SAGE {\textemdash} Subsurface foundational model with AI-driven Geostatistical Extraction},
	booktitle = {EAGE Workshop},
	year = {2025},
	month = {6},
	abstract = {In this talk, we introduce a novel diffusion-based generative modeling approach for synthesizing high-fidelity subsurface velocity models. Once trained, this foundational model serves as a prior or a generative tool, enabling the sampling of velocity models that closely match the statistical distribution of geologically relevant Earth models. To achieve this, we leverage geostatistical information derived from curated datasets provided by the UK National Data Repository. Our training set comprises check-shot-corrected migrated images intersected by well logs. Numerical experiments on multiple synthetic datasets, including the Compass model and Synthoseis, demonstrate the model{\textquoteright}s ability to generate realistic subsurface velocity models. This capability offers a data-driven prior for full-waveform inversion and facilitates the generation of training samples for amortized neural networks to improve full-waveform inference.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, EAGE, foundation models, full waveform inference, generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, RTM, score, Summary Statistics, UK-NDR, Uncertainty quantification},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2025/herrmann2025EAGEssf/EAGE_WS22_Foundation_Herrmann.mp4},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Thales Souza and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {erdinc2025ML4SEISMICspm,
	title = {SAGE - Subsurface modeling with AI-driven Geostatistical Extraction and evaluation on North Sea Data},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Traditional machine learning based approaches often depend on large, high-quality and complete datasets of 2D Earth propety models, which can be difficult to obtain in subsurface applications. In this study, we leverage score-based generative models to synthesize high-fidelity geophysical properties (velocity, density, etc.) trained on a combination of sparse but tied well logs and seismic lines without relying on densely sampled velocity models and adress the sampling-density differences by enabling coherent integration of these complementary sources of information. With experiments on multiple synthetic datasets from subsurface models featuring diverse geological structures (e.g., faults, salt bodies), we demonstrate that our approach can accurately capture long-range geological correlations and align well with unseen ground-truth properties. Finally, we highlight the potential of our method to generalize to field data by conducting fine-tuning on a curated dataset derived from real well-log and seismic data currated from the UK Data Repository for the North Sea. This study represents an important step toward the development of foundational models for inverting physical properties and provides inputs for applications such as full-waveform inference (WISE/ASPIRE), supervised learning algorithms, and enhanced seismic-based subsurface modeling.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, North-sea data, power-scaling, RTM, score, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/erdinc2025ML4SEISMICspm},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Ipsita Bhar and Thales Souza and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {bhar2025ML4SEISMICsdc,
	title = {Seismic Dataset Curation from UK National Data Repository to Validate SAGE and WISE},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {This work presents a curated seismic dataset pipeline developed for data residing in the UK National Data Repository (UK NDR) in support of advanced generative geophysical modeling and machine learning. The workflow integrates checkshots and 3D post-stack seismic data volumes to generate accurate depth-domain seismic sections. Custom interpolation algorithms are used to construct velocity models from checkshot data, which are then used for time-to-depth conversion with [OpendTect]https://dgbes.com/software/opendtect. The converted seismic cubes are subsequently processed in Python using [SegySAK]https://segysak.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, a python package, enabling efficient extraction and visualization of 2D lines. These datasets will be used to further validate the workflow of SAGE (Subsurface foundational model for AI-driven Geostatistical Extraction), which focuses on large-scale representation learning for the geosciences. The trained generative models will be used as input to WISE and ASPIRE that form foundation models for seismic inference designed to characterize the subsurface. This curated dataset pipeline streamlines seismic data preparation, enhances reproducibility, and bridges the gap between conventional geophysical workflows and emerging data-driven inference methods.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, generative model, Imaging, ML4SEISMIC, North-sea data, RTM, SLIM, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/bhar2025ML4SEISMICsdc},
	author = {Ipsita Bhar and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Thales Souza and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {gahlot2025IMAGEsrp,
	title = {Sensitivity-aware rock physics enhanced digital shadow for underground-energy storage monitoring},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, GCS, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, permeability, reservoir simulation, rock physics, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2504.14405},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/gahlot2025IMAGEsrp},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/gahlot2025IMAGEsrp/IMAGE_Abhinav.pdf},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025SciMLtfm,
	title = {Towards foundation models for subsurface priors and posteriors},
	booktitle = {Workshop on Scientific Machine Learning 2025, Austin, TX},
	year = {2025},
	month = {9},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, deep learning, foundation models, full waveform inference, generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, RTM, SciML, score, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SciML/2025/herrmann2025SciMLtfm},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Thales Souza and Shiqin Zeng and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {herrmann2024ML4SEISMICdtg,
	title = {A Digital Twin for Geological Carbon Storage with Controlled Injectivity},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {We present an uncertainty-aware Digital Twin (DT) for geologic carbon storage (GCS), capable of handling multimodal time-lapse data and controlling CO 2  injectivity to mitigate reservoir fracturing risks. In GCS, DT represents virtual replicas of subsurface systems that incorporate real-time data and advanced generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI) techniques, including neural posterior density estimation via simulation-based inference and sequential Bayesian inference. These methods enable the effective monitoring and control of CO 2  storage projects, addressing challenges such as subsurface complexity, operational optimization, and risk mitigation. By integrating diverse monitoring data, e.g., geophysical well observations and imaged seismic, DT can bridge the gaps between seemingly distinct fields like geophysics and reservoir engineering. In addition, the recent advancements in genAI also facilitate DT with principled uncertainty quantification. Through recursive training and inference, DT utilizes simulated current state samples, e.g., CO 2  saturation, paired with corresponding geophysical field observations to train its neural networks and enable posterior sampling upon receiving new field data. However, it lacks decision-making and control capabilities, which is necessary for full DT functionality. This study aims to demonstrate how DT can inform decision-making processes to prevent risks such as cap rock fracturing during CO 2  storage operations.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, augmentation, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, rock physics, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/herrmann2024ML4SEISMICdtg},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Haoyun Li and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {gahlot2024ICLdtg,
	title = {Digital Twins in the era of generative AI - Application to Geological CO2 Storage},
	year = {2024},
	month = {6},
	abstract = {Our industry is experiencing significant changes due to AI and the challenges of the energy transition. While some view these changes as threats, recent advances in AI offer unique opportunities, especially in the context of Digital Twins for subsurface monitoring and control. IBM defines "A digital twin is a virtual representation of an object or system that spans its lifecycle, is updated from real-time data, and uses simulation, machine learning and reasoning to help decision-making." During this talk, I will explore these concepts and their significance in addressing the challenges of monitoring \& control of geological CO2 storage projects. This talk also aims to illustrate how Digital Twins can serve as a platform to integrate the seemingly disparate and siloed fields of geophysics and reservoir engineering.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, control, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ICL/2024/gahlot2024ICLdtg},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Rafael Orozco and Haoyun Li and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Ziyi Yin and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {zeng2024ML4SEISMICefv,
	title = {Enhancing Full-Waveform Variational Inference through Stochastic Resampling},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Recent developments in simulation-based inference, like the full-waveform variational inference via subsurface extensions (WISE), enable rapid online estimation of subsurface velocities by leveraging pre-trained models. To achieve this, WISE employs subsurface-offset common image gathers to convert shot data into physics-informed summary statistics. While common image gathers effectively retain critical information even when initial velocity estimates are inaccurate, WISE{\textquoteright}s performance still depends on the assumption that the initial migration-velocity model is a single 1D velocity model. In this work, we present experiments using both 1D and 2D velocity models and develop a stochastic resampling method to generate variations of initial migration-velocity models. This technique allows us to systematically infer alternative velocity models that are consistent with the observed data, while enhancing the posterior sample quality and reducing dependency on the initial velocity model compared to the standard WISE approach.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/zeng2024ML4SEISMICefv},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2024IMAGEefw,
	title = {Enhancing Full-Waveform Variational Inference through Stochastic Resampling and Data Augmentation},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2024},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slimgroup.github.io/IMAGE2024/Yunlin_Zeng2024SEG/paper.html},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {orozco2024ML4SEISMICmev,
	title = {Machine-learning enabled velocity-model building with uncertainty quantification},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Accurately characterizing subsurface properties is crucial for a wide range of geophysical applications, from hydrocarbon exploration to monitoring of CO2 sequestration projects. Traditional characterization methods such as Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) represent powerful tools but often struggle with the inherent complexities of the inverse problem, including noise, limited bandwidth and aperture of data, limited azimuth and computational constraints. To address these challenges, we propose a scalable methodology that integrates generative modeling with physics-informed summary statistics, making it suitable for complicated imaging problems potentially including field datasets. Our approach leverages the power of conditional diffusion networks, and methodologically incorporates physics in the form of summary statistics, allowing for the computationally efficient generation of Bayesian posterior samples that offer an useful assessment of uncertainty of the inferred migration-velocity models. To validate our approach, we introduce a battery of tests that measure the quality of the image estimates as well as the quality of the inferred uncertainties. With modern synthetic datasets, we maximally leverage the advantages of using subsurface-offset Common Image Gathers (CIGs) as the conditioning observable. Next, we tackle the challenging SEAM salt model that requires incorporating salt flooding into our approach based on the iterative refinements of ASPIRE {\textemdash} Amortized posteriors with Summaries that are Physics-based and Iteratively REfined.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/orozco2024ML4SEISMICmev},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Thales Souza and Yunlin Zeng and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {orozco2024IPMSnwi,
	title = {Neural wave-based imaging with amortized uncertainty quantification},
	booktitle = {Inverse Problems: Modelling and Simulation},
	year = {2024},
	month = {5},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, IPMS, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IPMS/2024/orozco2024IPMSnwi},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IPMS/2024/orozco2024IPMSnwi/herrmann2024.pdf},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Ali Siahkoohi and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {orozco2024ICLnwi,
	title = {Neural wave-based imaging with amortized uncertainty quantification},
	year = {2024},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ICL/2024/orozco2024ICLnwi},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Ali Siahkoohi and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {gahlot2024ML4SEISMICosm,
	title = {Optimizing CO2 Storage Monitoring with Enhanced Rock Physics Modeling},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Based on the latest data-assimilation and machine-learning techniques, Digital Twins (DTs) have shown promise for high-fidelity monitoring and control of underground CO2​ storage. While the use of these techniques have important advantages, they do rely on certain assumptions. If these assumptions are not met, the DT{\textquoteright}s neural networks may no longer infer the state of the CO2 plume (pressure/saturation) accurately. By augmenting the forecast ensemble, we address this issue.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, augmentation, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, rock physics, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/gahlot2024ML4SEISMICosm},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {erdinc2024ML4SEISMICsfm,
	title = {SAGE {\textendash} Subsurface foundational model with AI-driven Geostatical Extraction},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {In this study, we present a novel approach for synthesizing diverse subsurface velocity models using diffusion-based generative models. Traditional methods often depend on large, high-quality datasets of 2D velocity models, which can be difficult to obtain in subsurface applications. In contrast, our method leverages incomplete well and seismic data to generate high-fidelity velocity samples without requiring fully sampled training datasets.The results demonstrate that the generative model accurately captures long-range geological structures and aligns well with unseen ground-truth velocity models. Furthermore, it is shown that the diversity of generated velocity models can be increased through prior guidance in the training phase, and model uncertainties can be reduced with well conditioning during inference.Experiments conducted with multiple datasets (BG, Synthoseis, and North Sea data) and velocity models featuring various geological structures (e.g., faults, salt bodies) suggest that our approach facilitates realistic subsurface velocity synthesis, providing valuable inputs for full-waveform inversion and enhancing seismic-based subsurface modeling.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/erdinc2024ML4SEISMICsfm},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {bruer2024ML4SEISMICsmp,
	title = {Seismic monitoring of CO2 plume dynamics using ensemble Kalman filtering},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Monitoring CO 2  injected and stored in subsurface reservoirs is critical for avoiding failure scenarios and enables real-time optimization of CO 2  injection rates. Sequential Bayesian data assimilation (DA) is a statistical method for combining information over time from multiple sources to estimate a hidden state, such as the spread of the subsurface CO 2  plume. An example of scalable and efficient sequential Bayesian DA is the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). We improve upon existing DA literature in the seismic-CO 2  monitoring domain by applying this scalable DA algorithm to a high-dimensional CO 2  reservoir using two-phase flow dynamics and time-lapse full waveform seismic data with a realistic surface-seismic survey design. We show more accurate estimates of the CO 2  saturation field using the EnKF compared to using either the seismic data or the fluid physics alone. Furthermore, we test a range of values for the EnKF hyperparameters and give guidance on their selection for seismic CO 2  reservoir monitoring.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, data assimilation, ensemble Kalman filter, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SLIM, two-phase flow, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/bruer2024ML4SEISMICsmp},
	author = {Grant Bruer and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Edmond Chow and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {bhar2024ML4SEISMICshs,
	title = {Sensitivity of Horizontal shear waves on Geological Carbon Storage},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {With the growing focus on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) activities, the significance of shear wave velocity (Vs) in monitoring CO2 is becoming increasingly important. Shear waves are instrumental in detecting CO2 leakage, evaluating CCS-induced seismicity, and identifying caprock failure. According to Biot-Gassmann rock physics models, changes in seismic velocity are expected during CO2 injection. This work specifically focuses on the horizontal component of shear wave velocity (Vsh). Shear (Sh) waves are more sensitive to density variations than P-wave or Sv wave velocities, leading us to anticipate changes in Sh velocity as CO2 saturation increases. While P-wave velocity tends to decrease with supercritical CO2 injection, the investigation of its effects on Sh waves presents a particularly compelling area of study. Therefore, we simulated the wave equation incorporating both P-wave and Sh wave velocities to better understand their impacts on imaging and CO2 injection processes.},
	keywords = {FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SH wave, SLIM},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/bhar2024ML4SEISMICshs},
	author = {Ipsita Bhar and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {yin2023wise,
	title = {WISE: full-Waveform variational Inference via Subsurface Extensions},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2024},
	note = {(GEOPHYSICS)},
	month = {04},
	abstract = {We introduce a probabilistic technique for full-waveform inversion, employing variational inference and conditional normalizing flows to quantify uncertainty in migration-velocity models and its impact on imaging. Our approach integrates generative artificial intelligence with physics-informed common-image gathers, reducing reliance on accurate initial velocity models. Considered case studies demonstrate its efficacy producing realizations of migration-velocity models conditioned by the data. These models are used to quantify amplitude and positioning effects during subsequent imaging.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Geophysics, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2023-0744.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2024/yin2023wise/paper.html},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {yin2024IMAGEwiser,
	title = {WISER: full-Waveform variational Inference via Subsurface Extensions with Refinements},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2024},
	month = {8},
	abstract = {We introduce a cost-effective Bayesian inference method for full-waveform inversion (FWI) to quantify uncertainty in migration-velocity models and its impact on imaging. Our method targets inverse uncertainty due to null-space of the wave modeling operators and observational noise, and forward uncertainty where the uncertainty in velocity models is propagated to uncertainty in amplitude and positioning of imaged reflectivities. This is achieved by integrating generative artificial intelligence (genAI) with physics-informed common-image gathers (CIGs), which greatly reduces reliance on accurate initial FWI-velocity models. In addition, we illustrate the capability of fine-tuning the generative AI networks with frugal physics-based refinements to improve the inference accuracy.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE, WISER},
	url = {https://slimgroup.github.io/IMAGE2024/yin2024SEG/paper.html},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {louboutin2022EAGEewi,
	title = {Enabling wave-based inversion on GPUs with randomized trace estimation},
	booktitle = {EAGE Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2022},
	note = {(EAGE, Madrid)},
	month = {06},
	pages = {Seismic Wave Modelling and Least Square Migration 2 session},
	abstract = {By building on recent advances in the use of randomized trace estimation to drastically reduce the memory footprint of adjoint-state methods, we present and validate an imaging approach that can be executed exclusively on accelerators. Results obtained on field-realistic synthetic datasets, which include salt and anisotropy, show that our method produces high-fidelity images. These findings open the enticing perspective of 3D wave-based inversion technology with a memory footprint that matches the hardware and that runs exclusively on clusters of GPUs without the undesirable need to offload certain tasks to CPUs.},
	keywords = {EAGE, Image Volumes, inversion, RTM, SEAM, stochastic, TTI},
	doi = {10.3997/2214-4609.202210531},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2022/louboutin2022eageewi/louboutinp.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2022/louboutin2022eageewi/Jun-9-3-15-mloubout.pdf},
	software = {https://github.com/slimgroup/TimeProbeSeismic.jl},
	author = {Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@techreport {louboutin2020SCsta,
	title = {Scaling through abstractions {\textendash} high-performance vectorial wave simulations for seismic inversion with Devito},
	number = {TR-CSE-2020-3},
	year = {2020},
	month = {4},
	institution = {Georgia Institute of Technology},
	abstract = {[Devito] is an open-source Python project based on domain-specific language and compiler technology. Driven by the requirements of rapid HPC applications development in exploration seismology, the language and compiler have evolved significantly since inception. Sophisticated boundary conditions, tensor contractions, sparse operations and features such as staggered grids and sub-domains are all supported; operators of essentially arbitrary complexity can be generated. To accommodate this flexibility whilst ensuring performance, data dependency analysis is utilized to schedule loops and detect computational-properties such as parallelism. In this article, the generation and simulation of MPI-parallel propagators (along with their adjoints) for the pseudo-acoustic wave-equation in tilted transverse isotropic media and the elastic wave-equation are presented. Simulations are carried out on industry scale synthetic models in a HPC Cloud system and reach a performance of 28TFLOP/s, hence demonstrating Devito{\textquoteright}s suitability for production-grade seismic inversion problems.},
	keywords = {devito, elastic, finite-difference, HPC, large-scale, RTM, TTI},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/TechReport/2020/louboutin2020SCsta/louboutin2020SCsta.html},
	author = {Mathias Louboutin and Fabio Luporini and Philipp A. Witte and Rhodri Nelson and George Bisbas and Jan Thorbecke and Felix J. Herrmann and Gerard Gorman}
}
@conference {witte2019SEGedw,
	title = {Event-driven workflows for large-scale seismic imaging in the cloud},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2019},
	note = {(SEG, San Antonio)},
	month = {09},
	pages = {3984-3988},
	abstract = {Cloud computing has seen a large rise in popularity in recent years and is becoming a cost effective alternative to on-premise computing, with theoretically unlimited scalability. However, so far little progress has been made in adapting the cloud for high performance computing (HPC) tasks, such as seismic imaging and inversion. As the cloud does not provide the same type of fast and reliable connections as conventional HPC clusters, porting legacy codes developed for HPC environments to the cloud is ineffective and misses out on an opportunity to take advantage of new technologies presented by the cloud. We present a novel approach of bringing seismic imaging and inversion workflows to the cloud, which does not rely on a traditional HPC environment, but is based on serverless and event-driven computations. Computational resources are assigned dynamically in response to events, thus minimizing idle time and providing resilience to hardware failures. We test our workflow on two large-scale imaging examples and demonstrate that cost-effective HPC in the cloud is possible, but requires careful reconsiderations of how to bring software to the cloud.},
	keywords = {cloud, Imaging, large-scale, LS-RTM, RTM, SEG, workflow},
	doi = {10.1190/segam2019-3215069.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2019/witte2019SEGedw/witte2019SEGedw.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2019/witte2019SEGedw/witte2019SEGedw_pres.pdf},
	author = {Philipp A. Witte and Mathias Louboutin and Henryk Modzelewski and Charles Jones and James Selvage and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {louboutin2018SEGeow,
	title = {Effects of wrong adjoints for RTM in TTI media},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2018},
	note = {(SEG, Anaheim)},
	month = {10},
	pages = {331-335},
	abstract = {In order to obtain accurate images of the subsurface, anisotropic modeling and imaging is necessary. However, the twenty-one parameter complete wave-equation is too computationally expensive to be of use in this case. The transverse tilted isotropic wave-equation is then the next best feasible representation of the physics to use for imaging. The main complexity arising from transverse tilted isotropic imaging is to model the receiver wavefield (back propagation of the data or data residual) for the imaging condition. Unlike the isotropic or the full physics wave-equations, the transverse tilted isotropic wave-equation is not not self-adjoint. This difference means that time-reversal will not model the correct receiver wavefield and this can lead to incorrect subsurface images. In this work, we derive and implement the adjoint wave-equation to demonstrate the necessity of exact adjoint modeling for anisotropic modeling and compare our result with adjoint-free time-reversed imaging.},
	keywords = {Adjoint, anisotropy, finite-differences, Imaging, RTM, SEG, TTI},
	doi = {10.1190/segam2018-2996274.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2018/louboutin2018SEGeow/louboutin2018SEGeow.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2018/louboutin2018SEGeow/louboutin2018SEGeow_pres.pdf},
	author = {Mathias Louboutin and Philipp A. Witte and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {yang2016SEGtds,
	title = {Time-domain sparsity-promoting least-squares migration with source estimation},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2016},
	note = {(SEG, Dallas)},
	month = {10},
	pages = {4225-4229},
	abstract = {Traditional reverse-time migration (RTM) gives images with wrong amplitudes and low resolution. Least-squares RTM (LS-RTM) on the other hand, is capable of obtaining true-amplitude images as solutions of $\ell_2$-norm norm minimization problems by fitting the synthetic and observed reflection data. The shortcoming of this approach is that solutions of these $\ell_2$ problems are typically smoothed, tend to be overfitted, and computationally too expensive because it requires compared to standard RTM too many iterations. By working with randomized subsets of data only, the computational costs of LS-RTM can be brought down to an acceptable level while producing artifact-free high-resolution images without overfitting the data. While initial results of these "compressive imaging" methods were encouraging various open issues remain including guaranteed convergence, algorithmic complexity of the solver, and lack of on-the-fly source estimation for LS-RTMs with wave-equation solvers based on time-stepping. By including on-the-fly source-time function estimation into the method of Linearized Bregman (LB), on which we reported before, we tackle all these issues resulting in a easy-to-implement algorithm that offers flexibility in the trade-off between the number of iterations and the number of wave-equation solves per iteration for a fixed total number of wave-equation solves. Application of our algorithm on a 2D synthetic shows that we are able to obtain high-resolution images, including accurate estimates of the wavelet, for a single pass through the data. The produced image, which is by virtue of the inversion deconvolved with respect to the wavelet, is roughly of the same quality as the image obtained given the correct source function.},
	keywords = {least squares, RTM, SEG, source estimation, time domain},
	doi = {10.1190/segam2016-13850609.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2016/yang2016SEGtds/yang2016SEGtds.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2016/yang2016SEGtds/yang2016SEGtds_pres.pdf},
	author = {Mengmeng Yang and Philipp A. Witte and Zhilong Fang and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2013EAGEfrtm,
	title = {Fast RTM with multiples and source estimation},
	booktitle = {EAGE/SEG Forum - Turning noise into geological information: The next big step?},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {During this talk, we present a computationally efficient (cost of 1-2 RTM{\textquoteright}s with all data) iterative sparsity-promoting inversion framework where surface-related multiples are jointly imaged with primaries and where the source signature is estimated on the fly. Our imaging algorithm is computationally efficient because it works during each iteration with small independent randomized subsets of data. The multiples are handled by introducing an areal source term that includes the upgoing wavefield. We update the source signature for each iteration using a variable projection method. The resulting algorithm removes imaging artifacts from surface-related multiples, estimates and removes the imprint of the source, recovers true amplitudes, is fast, and robust to linearization errors by virtue of the statistical independence of the subsets of data we are working with at each iteration.},
	keywords = {EAGE, multiples, RTM, SEG, source estimation},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2013/herrmann2013EAGEfrtm/herrmann2013EAGEfrtm_pres.pdf},
	author = {Felix J. Herrmann and Ning Tu}
}
