@conference {peters2019SEGans,
	title = {A numerical solver for least-squares sub-problems in 3D wavefield reconstruction inversion and related problem formulations},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2019},
	note = {(SEG, San Antonio)},
	month = {09},
	pages = {1536-1540},
	abstract = {Recent years saw a surge of interest in seismic waveform inversion approaches based on quadratic-penalty or augmented-Lagrangian methods, including Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion. These methods typically need to solve a least-squares sub-problem that contains a discretization of the Helmholtz equation. Memory requirements for direct solvers are often prohibitively large in three dimensions, and this limited the examples in the literature to two dimensions. We present an algorithm that uses iterative Helmholtz solvers as a black-box to solve the least-squares problem corresponding to 3D grids. This algorithm enables Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion and related formulations, in three dimensions. Our new algorithm also includes a root-finding method to convert a penalty into a constraint on the data-misfit without additional computational cost, by reusing precomputed quantities. Numerical experiments show that the cost of parallel communication and other computations are small compared to the main cost of solving one Helmholtz problem per source and one per receiver.},
	keywords = {Full-waveform inversion, least-squares, numerical linear algebra, penalty method, quadratic constraints, root finding, SEG},
	doi = {10.1190/segam2019-3216638.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2019/peters2019SEGans/peters2019SEGans.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2019/peters2019SEGans/peters2019SEGans_pres.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {peters2018pmf,
	title = {Projection methods and applications for seismic nonlinear inverse problems with multiple constraints},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {84},
	number = {2},
	year = {2018},
	note = {(Geophysics)},
	month = {02},
	pages = {R251-R269},
	abstract = {Nonlinear inverse problems are often hampered by non-uniqueness and local minima because of missing low frequencies and far offsets in the data, lack of access to good starting models, noise, and modeling errors. A well-known approach to counter these deficiencies is to include prior information on the unknown model, which regularizes the inverse problem. While conventional regularization methods have resulted in enormous progress in ill-posed (geophysical) inverse problems, challenges remain when the prior information consists of multiple pieces. To handle this situation, we propose an optimization framework that allows us to add multiple pieces of prior information in the form of constraints. Compared to additive regularization penalties, constraints have a number of advantages making them more suitable for inverse problems such as full-waveform inversion. The proposed framework is rigorous because it offers assurances that multiple constraints are imposed uniquely at each iteration, irrespective of the order in which they are invoked. To project onto the intersection of multiple sets uniquely, we employ Dykstra{\textquoteright}s algorithm that scales to large problems and does not rely on trade-off parameters. In that sense, our approach differs substantially from approaches such as Tikhonov regularization, penalty methods, and gradient filtering. None of these offer assurances, which makes them less suitable to full-waveform inversion where unrealistic intermediate results effectively derail the iterative inversion process. By working with intersections of sets, we keep expensive objective and gradient calculations unaltered, separate from projections, and we also avoid trade-off parameters. These features allow for easy integration into existing code bases. In addition to more predictable behavior, working with constraints also allows for heuristics where we built up the complexity of the model gradually by relaxing the constraints. This strategy helps to avoid convergence to local minima that represent unrealistic models. We illustrate this unique feature with examples of varying complexity.},
	keywords = {constraints, Full-waveform inversion, intersection, Optimization, projection, regularization},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2018-0192.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2018/peters2018pmf/peters2018pmf.html},
	author = {Bas Peters and Brendan R. Smithyman and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2016SEGWScvp,
	title = {Constraints versus penalties for edge-preserving full-waveform inversion},
	booktitle = {SEG Workshop on Where are we heading with FWI; Dallas},
	year = {2016},
	note = {(SEG Workshop, Dallas)},
	month = {10},
	abstract = {Full-waveform inversion is arguably one of the most challenging inverse problems out there. For this reason, it is remarkable that so much progress has been made over the years. While we can look back with confidence at an increasing number of success stories, the application of full-waveform technologies to deeper targets and complex geologies remains challenging making it an expensive proposition. So far, efforts to overcome some of these challenges have mainly been directed towards extended formulations such as Symes{\textquoteright}s and Biondi{\textquoteright}s subsurface offset/rau-parameters, Mike Warner/Lluis Guasch{\textquoteright}s Wiener filters in their adaptive full-waveform inversion, and van Leeuwen/Herrmann{\textquoteright}s Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion, where the wave-equation appears as a least-squares term in the objective. While this recent work {\textendash}- including other approaches such as different data-misfit objective functions {\textendash}- has removed some of FWI cycle-skip issues it does, with the exception perhaps of box constraints, not incorporate rudimentary information on the geology on the unknown model. Following recent work by Ernie Esser, we present a general framework how to incorporate this type of information in the form of constraints. Contrary to Tikhonov-like regularization or gradient filtering, imposing constraints has several key advantages, namely (i) they can be expressed in simple human understandable terms such as lower and upper limits for the velocity without the necessity to introduce additional parameters and assumptions on the probability distribution of the model; (ii) they can consist of several constraints, e.g. box and smoothness constraints, as long as their intersection in non-empty; and (iii) they can be imposed in a separate inner loop, which does not affect gradients and Hessians of full-waveform inversion itself. By means of examples, we will demonstrate the advocacy of constrained formulations as they apply to full-waveform inversion. This is joint work with Bas Peters.},
	keywords = {Full-waveform inversion, SEG, workshop},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2016/herrmann2016SEGWScvp/herrmann2016SEGWScvp_pres.pdf},
	author = {Felix J. Herrmann and Bas Peters}
}
@conference {peters2015AIPwri,
	title = {Wavefield-reconstruction inversion},
	booktitle = {Conference on Applied Inverse Problems},
	year = {2015},
	note = {(AIP, Helsinki)},
	month = {05},
	abstract = {Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion is a method for PDE-constrained optimization, which revolves around the estimation of fields using the PDE as well as the observed data in a least-squares sense. The method is quadratic penalty based, which offers some interesting possibilities for the construction of algorithms, compared to the Lagrangian form. One of the main benefits of the method is when the initial guess is far from the global minimizer. Reduced-space and full-space algorithms are discussed, including illustrative examples. The method was developed with seismic applications in mind, but applies to other PDE-constrained optimization problems as well.},
	keywords = {AIP, Full-waveform inversion, Optimization, penalty method, Waveform reconstruction inversion},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/AIP/2015/peters2015AIPwri/peters2015AIPwri.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@techreport {smithyman2014SEGjfw,
	title = {Joint full-waveform inversion of on-land surface and VSP data from the Permian Basin},
	number = {TR-EOAS-2014-4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04},
	institution = {UBC},
	abstract = {Full-waveform Inversion is applied to generate a high-resolution model of P-wave velocity for a site in the Permian Basin, Texas, USA. This investigation jointly inverts seismic waveforms from a surface 3-D vibroseis surface seismic survey and a co-located 3-D Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) survey, which shared common source Vibration Points (VPs). The resulting velocity model captures features that were not resolvable by conventional migration velocity analysis.},
	keywords = {downhole receivers, Full-waveform inversion, land, seismic, vibroseis},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/TechReport/2014/smithyman2014SEGjfw/smithyman2014SEGjfw.html},
	author = {Brendan R. Smithyman and Bas Peters and Bryan DeVault and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {leeuwen2014EAGEntf,
	title = {A new take on FWI: wavefield reconstruction inversion},
	booktitle = {EAGE Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06},
	abstract = {We discuss a recently proposed novel method for waveform inversion: Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion (WRI). As opposed to conventional FWI {\textendash} which attempts to minimize the error between observed and predicted data obtained by solving a wave equation {\textendash} WRI reconstructs a wave-field from the data and extracts a model-update from this wavefield by minimizing the wave-equation residual. The method does not require explicit computation of an adjoint wavefield as all the necessary information is contained in the reconstructed wavefield. We show how the corresponding model updates can be interpreted physically analogously to the conventional imaging-condition-based approach.},
	keywords = {EAGE, Full-waveform inversion, Optimization, penalty method, Wavefield Reconstruction Inversion},
	doi = {10.3997/2214-4609.20140703},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2014/leeuwen2014EAGEntf/leeuwen2014EAGEntf.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2014/leeuwen2014EAGEntf/leeuwen2014EAGEntf_pres.pdf},
	author = {Tristan van Leeuwen and Felix J. Herrmann and Bas Peters}
}
@conference {peters2014SEGsrh,
	title = {A sparse reduced Hessian approximation for multi-parameter wavefield reconstruction inversion},
	booktitle = {SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2014},
	note = {(SEG)},
	month = {10},
	pages = {1206-1210},
	abstract = {Multi-Parameter full-waveform inversion is a challenging problem, because the unknown parameters appear in the same wave equation and the magnitude of the parameters can vary many orders of magnitude. This makes accurate estimation of multiple-parameters very difficult. To mitigate the problems, sequential strategies, regularization methods and scalings of gradients and quasi-Newton Hessians have been proposed. All of these require design, fine-tuning and adaptation to different waveform inversion problems. We propose to use a sparse approximation to the Hessian derived from a penalty-formulation of the objective function. Sparseness allows to have the Hessian in memory and compute update directions at very low cost. This results in decent reconstruction of the multiple parameters at very low additional memory and computational expense.},
	keywords = {Full-waveform inversion, Hessian, Optimization, penalty method, SEG},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-1667.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2014/peters2014SEGsrh/peters2014SEGsrh.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2014/peters2014SEGsrh/peters2014SEGsrh_pres.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {peters2014EAGEweb,
	title = {Wave-equation based inversion with the penalty method: adjoint-state versus wavefield-reconstruction inversion},
	booktitle = {EAGE Annual Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06},
	abstract = {In this paper we make a comparison between wave-equation based inversions based on the adjoint-state and penalty methods. While the adjoint-state method involves the minimization of a data-misfit and exact solutions of the wave-equation for the current velocity model, the penalty-method aims to first find a wavefield that jointly fits the data and honours the physics, in a least-squares sense. Given this reconstructed wavefield, which is a proxy for the true wavefield in the true model, we calculate updates for the velocity model. Aside from being less nonlinear{\textendash}the acoustic wave equation is linear in the wavefield and model parameters but not in both{\textendash}the inversion is carried out over a solution space that includes both the model and the wavefield. This larger search space allows the algortihm to circumnavigate local minima, very much in the same way as recently proposed model extentions try to acomplish. We include examples for low frequencies, where we compare full-waveform inversion results for both methods, for good and bad starting models, and for high frequencies where we compare reverse-time migration with linearized imaging based on wavefield-reconstruction inversion. The examples confirm the expected benefits of the proposed method.},
	keywords = {EAGE, Full-waveform inversion, Imaging, Optimization, penalty method},
	doi = {10.3997/2214-4609.20140704},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2014/peters2014EAGEweb/peters2014EAGEweb.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/EAGE/2014/peters2014EAGEweb/peters2014EAGEweb_pres.pdf},
	author = {Bas Peters and Felix J. Herrmann and Tristan van Leeuwen}
}
