@unpublished {gahlot2025EAGEagc,
	title = {Advancing Geological Carbon Storage Monitoring with 3D Digital Shadow Technology},
	year = {2025},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {3D digital shadow, Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, experimental design, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2025/gahlot2025EAGEagc/abstract.html},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2025IMSIafi,
	title = {Amortized Full-Waveform Inference w/ Learned Summary Statistics},
	booktitle = {Reduced Order and Surrogate Modeling for Digital Twins, IMSI, Chicago},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	keywords = {attention, Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, learned summary statistics, RTM, SEG, uncertainty calibration, Uncertainty quantification, velocity model building, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IMSI/2025/herrmann2025IMSIafi},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Shiqin Zeng and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann20205IMAGEapg,
	title = {Attention Please: Getting the Most from CIGs with Learned Summary Statistics},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {attention, Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, learned summary statistics, RTM, SEG, uncertainty calibration, Uncertainty quantification, velocity model building, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/herrmann20205IMAGEapg},
	author = {Shiqin Zeng and Rafael Orozco and Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2025ML4SEISMICbde,
	title = {Background-Conditioned Diffusion Inversion for Seismic Velocity Models},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Accurate seismic imaging and velocity estimation are important for subsurface characterization, yet conventional full-waveform inversion remains computationally expensive and highly sensitive to initial velocity models. To address these challenges, we propose a simulation-based inference framework using conditional elucidated diffusion models for posterior velocity-model sampling. Our approach integrates both horizontal and vertical subsurface-offset common-image gathers to capture a wider range of reflector geometries, from gently dipping to steeply inclined layers. We further condition the model on the background-velocity field to improve generalization across diverse geological settings. Evaluations on the SEAM dataset, which includes complex salt geometries, demonstrate that this conditioning substantially improves performance, increasing SSIM from 0.717 to 0.733 and reducing RMSE from 0.381 km/s to 0.274 km/s. Uncertainty analysis further shows enhanced calibration, lowering uncertainty calibration error from 6.68 km/s to 3.91 km/s. These results confirm that our diffusion-based simulation framework enables robust seismic inversion with reliable uncertainty quantification.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, MVA, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/zeng2025ML4SEISMICbde},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2025IMAGEfwi,
	title = {Full-waveform variational inference with common-image gathers},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CIG, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/zeng2025IMAGEfwi/IMAGE_Yunlin.pdf},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {orozco2025SIAMisu,
	title = {Industry-Scale Uncertainty-Aware Full Waveform Inference with Generative Models},
	booktitle = {SIAM Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE25)},
	year = {2025},
	note = {(SIAM CSE25, Dallas)},
	month = {03},
	abstract = {In this talk, we address the challenge of Bayesian sampling for ill-posed inverse problems involving expensive PDE forward operators. To tackle this, we propose the use of generative models and discuss three key challenges along with our solutions. First, we address the constraints of GPU memory by introducing patch-based training and memory-efficient invertible networks, enabling the handling of large-scale data. Second, we demonstrate that these models can be effectively trained using only prior data available from acoustic observations and borehole well data, making the approach practical for real-world applications. Third, we explore various strategies to enhance the reliability of posterior samples by incorporating physics-based constraints through the wave operator. We conclude by presenting experiments that showcase the capabilities of these methods in field-data Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) workflows, scaling up to industry-scale problems with large 2D (512x7000 degrees of freedom) and 3D models.},
	keywords = {Bayesian sampling, FWI, Generative models, Inverse problems, Normalizing flows, SIAM},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SIAMCSE/2025/orozco2025SIAMisu},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@unpublished {deng2025EAGEpjrm,
	title = {Probabilistic Joint Recovery Method for CO2 Plume Monitoring},
	year = {2025},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, FWI, GCS, igm, image generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, JRM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2501.18761},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Submitted/2025/deng2025EAGEpjrm/EAGE_Venice.pdf},
	author = {Zijun Deng and Rafael Orozco and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {deng2025IMAGEtfi,
	title = {Time-lapse full-waveform inversion with uncertainty quantification},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2025},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, FWI, GCS, igm, IMAGE, image generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, JRM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/deng2025IMAGEtfi},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2025/deng2025IMAGEtfi/IMAGE_Venice.pdf},
	author = {Zijun Deng and Rafael Orozco and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {deng2025ML4SEISMICtfi,
	title = {Time-lapse full-waveform inversion with uncertainty quantification},
	booktitle = {ML4SEISMIC Partners Meeting},
	year = {2025},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Reliable management of underground energy storage systems, such as underground compressed Hydrogene or Air storage, rely on semi-continuous monitoring and rigorous quantification of subsurface uncertainty. Time-lapse seismic imaging provides valuable insights into fluid migration and storage integrity. However, traditional inversion techniques{\textemdash}particularly full-waveform inversion (FWI){\textemdash}are inherently ill-posed and deterministic, limiting their applicability for uncertainty-aware decision-making. The Joint Recovery Method (JRM) improves consistency across multiple surveys by jointly reconstructing shared structures, but does not capture uncertainty. We introduce the Probabilistic Joint Recovery Method (πJRM), which embeds uncertainty estimation within a joint inversion framework. πJRM leverages a shared generative model to infer wave-equation{\textendash}based posterior distributions for each monitoring survey, enabling probabilistic interpretation of time-lapse changes. Synthetic experiments demonstrate that πJRM accurately recovers dynamic reservoir evolution and provides uncertainty-aware reconstructions, offering a principled foundation for safe, efficient management of subsurface energy storage operations.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, FWI, GCS, igm, image generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, jrm pjrm, ML4SEISMIC, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2025/deng2025ML4SEISMICtfi},
	author = {Zijun Deng and Rafael Orozco and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {yin2024wiser,
	title = {WISER: multimodal variational inference for full-waveform inversion without dimensionality reduction},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2025},
	note = {(GEOPHYSICS)},
	month = {03},
	abstract = {We present a semi-amortized variational inference framework designed for computationally feasible uncertainty quantification in 2D full-waveform inversion to explore the multimodal posterior distribution without dimensionality reduction. The framework is called WISER, short for full-Waveform variational Inference via Subsurface Extensions with Refinements. WISER leverages the power of generative artificial intelligence to perform approximate amortized inference that is low-cost albeit showing an amortization gap. This gap is closed through non-amortized refinements that make frugal use of acoustic wave physics. Case studies illustrate that WISER is capable of full-resolution, computationally feasible, and reliable uncertainty estimates of velocity models and imaged reflectivities.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE, WISER},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2024-0483.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2024/yin2024wiser/WISER.html},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {herrmann2024ML4SEISMICdtg,
	title = {A Digital Twin for Geological Carbon Storage with Controlled Injectivity},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {We present an uncertainty-aware Digital Twin (DT) for geologic carbon storage (GCS), capable of handling multimodal time-lapse data and controlling CO 2  injectivity to mitigate reservoir fracturing risks. In GCS, DT represents virtual replicas of subsurface systems that incorporate real-time data and advanced generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI) techniques, including neural posterior density estimation via simulation-based inference and sequential Bayesian inference. These methods enable the effective monitoring and control of CO 2  storage projects, addressing challenges such as subsurface complexity, operational optimization, and risk mitigation. By integrating diverse monitoring data, e.g., geophysical well observations and imaged seismic, DT can bridge the gaps between seemingly distinct fields like geophysics and reservoir engineering. In addition, the recent advancements in genAI also facilitate DT with principled uncertainty quantification. Through recursive training and inference, DT utilizes simulated current state samples, e.g., CO 2  saturation, paired with corresponding geophysical field observations to train its neural networks and enable posterior sampling upon receiving new field data. However, it lacks decision-making and control capabilities, which is necessary for full DT functionality. This study aims to demonstrate how DT can inform decision-making processes to prevent risks such as cap rock fracturing during CO 2  storage operations.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, augmentation, Bayesian inference, conditional normalizing flows, data assimilation, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, rock physics, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/herrmann2024ML4SEISMICdtg},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Haoyun Li and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {gahlot2024ICLdtg,
	title = {Digital Twins in the era of generative AI - Application to Geological CO2 Storage},
	year = {2024},
	month = {6},
	abstract = {Our industry is experiencing significant changes due to AI and the challenges of the energy transition. While some view these changes as threats, recent advances in AI offer unique opportunities, especially in the context of Digital Twins for subsurface monitoring and control. IBM defines "A digital twin is a virtual representation of an object or system that spans its lifecycle, is updated from real-time data, and uses simulation, machine learning and reasoning to help decision-making." During this talk, I will explore these concepts and their significance in addressing the challenges of monitoring \& control of geological CO2 storage projects. This talk also aims to illustrate how Digital Twins can serve as a platform to integrate the seemingly disparate and siloed fields of geophysics and reservoir engineering.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, control, data assimilation, deep learning, digital twin, FWI, GCS, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ICL/2024/gahlot2024ICLdtg},
	author = {Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Rafael Orozco and Haoyun Li and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Ziyi Yin and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {zeng2024IMAGEefw,
	title = {Enhancing Full-Waveform Variational Inference through Stochastic Resampling and Data Augmentation},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2024},
	month = {8},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slimgroup.github.io/IMAGE2024/Yunlin_Zeng2024SEG/paper.html},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {zeng2024ML4SEISMICefv,
	title = {Enhancing Full-Waveform Variational Inference through Stochastic Resampling},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Recent developments in simulation-based inference, like the full-waveform variational inference via subsurface extensions (WISE), enable rapid online estimation of subsurface velocities by leveraging pre-trained models. To achieve this, WISE employs subsurface-offset common image gathers to convert shot data into physics-informed summary statistics. While common image gathers effectively retain critical information even when initial velocity estimates are inaccurate, WISE{\textquoteright}s performance still depends on the assumption that the initial migration-velocity model is a single 1D velocity model. In this work, we present experiments using both 1D and 2D velocity models and develop a stochastic resampling method to generate variations of initial migration-velocity models. This technique allows us to systematically infer alternative velocity models that are consistent with the observed data, while enhancing the posterior sample quality and reducing dependency on the initial velocity model compared to the standard WISE approach.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/zeng2024ML4SEISMICefv},
	author = {Yunlin Zeng and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {yin2024GTwise,
	title = {Generative AI for full-waveform variational inference},
	year = {2024},
	month = {1},
	abstract = {We introduce a probabilistic technique for full-waveform inversion, employing variational inference and conditional normalizing flows to quantify uncertainty in migration-velocity models and its impact on imaging. Our approach integrates generative artificial intelligence with physics-informed common-image gathers, reducing reliance on accurate initial velocity models. Considered case studies demonstrate its efficacy producing realizations of migration-velocity models conditioned by the data. These models are used to quantify amplitude and positioning effects during subsequent imaging.},
	keywords = {amortized Bayes, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, generative AI, GT, inversion, machine learning, Normalizing flows, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, Variational Inference},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Lectures/GTseminar/2024/yin2024GTwise},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@mastersthesis {orozco2024THgmf,
	title = {GENERATIVE MODELS FOR UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION OF MEDICAL AND SEISMIC IMAGING},
	year = {2024},
	note = {(PhD)},
	month = {12},
	school = {Georgia Institute of Technology},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Atlanta},
	abstract = {This thesis investigates the intersection of machine learning-based generative models with physics-based methods to address imaging problems, with an emphasis on accelerat- ing computations while incorporating uncertainty quantification. Throughout the chapters, a key conclusion emerges: machine learning methods, though powerful, are insufficient when used in isolation. They must be combined with the trusted domain knowledge con- tained in numerical physics simulations to achieve robust results. The methods presented bridge two of the most impactful areas in modern computer science: numerical simula- tions methods rooted in linear algebra and the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly as exemplified by recent advancements in generative modeling. The focus of this work is on scenarios where the underlying physics is computation- ally expensive, requiring frugal use of simulations. This is particularly relevant in high- dimensional, ill-posed inverse problems, such as those encountered in the applications shown in this thesis: medical imaging and seismic exploration, where the forward oper- ator is governed by complex partial differential equations (PDEs). To address these challenges, this thesis introduces techniques that blend practical ma- chine learning approaches with theoretical insights, particularly through the use of physics- based summary statistics. These statistics enable efficient extraction of meaningful in- formation from physics simulations, reducing computational overhead while preserving the critical elements of the physical model. Theoretical foundations underpin the design choices, ensuring that the methods are both efficient and ameliorate the potential bias that would arise from using physics-based summary statistics instead of raw observations. As an engineering-focused work, the thesis places a strong emphasis on practicality and robustness. The proposed methods are stress-tested through validation experiments, on increasingly complex scenarios with a clear pathway toward deployment in the real-world. This applied perspective reflects the ultimate goal of leveraging these methods to create tangible, impactful changes in domains such as healthcare and geophysics. By bridging the gap between advanced machine learning and trusted physics-based methods, this work contributes to the development of innovative tools that balance computational efficiency, uncertainty quantification, and practical applicability.},
	keywords = {Bayesian inference, CCS, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, FWI, GCS, Generative models, Inverse problems, medical imaging, monitoring, Normalizing flows, PhD, RTM, scientific machine learning, time-lapse, Uncertainty quantification, Variational Inference, WISE, WISER},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Thesis/2024/orozco2024THgmf/Thesis_Orozco_pdf.pdf},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Thesis/2024/orozco2024THgmf/defense-real},
	author = {Rafael Orozco}
}
@presentation {orozco2024ML4SEISMICmev,
	title = {Machine-learning enabled velocity-model building with uncertainty quantification},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Accurately characterizing subsurface properties is crucial for a wide range of geophysical applications, from hydrocarbon exploration to monitoring of CO2 sequestration projects. Traditional characterization methods such as Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) represent powerful tools but often struggle with the inherent complexities of the inverse problem, including noise, limited bandwidth and aperture of data, limited azimuth and computational constraints. To address these challenges, we propose a scalable methodology that integrates generative modeling with physics-informed summary statistics, making it suitable for complicated imaging problems potentially including field datasets. Our approach leverages the power of conditional diffusion networks, and methodologically incorporates physics in the form of summary statistics, allowing for the computationally efficient generation of Bayesian posterior samples that offer an useful assessment of uncertainty of the inferred migration-velocity models. To validate our approach, we introduce a battery of tests that measure the quality of the image estimates as well as the quality of the inferred uncertainties. With modern synthetic datasets, we maximally leverage the advantages of using subsurface-offset Common Image Gathers (CIGs) as the conditioning observable. Next, we tackle the challenging SEAM salt model that requires incorporating salt flooding into our approach based on the iterative refinements of ASPIRE {\textemdash} Amortized posteriors with Summaries that are Physics-based and Iteratively REfined.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/orozco2024ML4SEISMICmev},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Thales Souza and Yunlin Zeng and Ziyi Yin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {orozco2024IPMSnwi,
	title = {Neural wave-based imaging with amortized uncertainty quantification},
	booktitle = {Inverse Problems: Modelling and Simulation},
	year = {2024},
	month = {5},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, IPMS, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IPMS/2024/orozco2024IPMSnwi},
	url2 = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/IPMS/2024/orozco2024IPMSnwi/herrmann2024.pdf},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Ali Siahkoohi and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {orozco2024ICLnwi,
	title = {Neural wave-based imaging with amortized uncertainty quantification},
	year = {2024},
	month = {6},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ICL/2024/orozco2024ICLnwi},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Ziyi Yin and Ali Siahkoohi and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {deng2024ML4SEISMICpjr,
	title = {Probabilistic Joint Recovery Method for CO2 plume monitoring},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Accurately predicting fluid flow patterns in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a challenging task, particularly due to uncertainties in CO 2  plume dynamics and reservoir properties. While previous deterministic methods such as the Joint Recovery Method (JRM) have provided valuable insights, their effectiveness is limited as tools for decision-making since they do not communicate uncertainty. To address this, we propose a Probabilistic Joint Recovery Method (PJRM) that computes the posterior distribution at each monitoring survey while leveraging the shared structure among surveys through a common generative model. By efficiently computing posterior distributions for each monitoring survey, this method aims to provide valuable uncertainty information to decision-makers in CCS projects, augmenting their workflow with principled risk minimization.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, FWI, igm, image generative model, Imaging, Inverse problems, JRM, ML4SEISMIC, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/deng2024ML4SEISMICpjr},
	author = {Zijun Deng and Rafael Orozco and Abhinav Prakash Gahlot and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {erdinc2024ML4SEISMICsfm,
	title = {SAGE {\textendash} Subsurface foundational model with AI-driven Geostatical Extraction},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {In this study, we present a novel approach for synthesizing diverse subsurface velocity models using diffusion-based generative models. Traditional methods often depend on large, high-quality datasets of 2D velocity models, which can be difficult to obtain in subsurface applications. In contrast, our method leverages incomplete well and seismic data to generate high-fidelity velocity samples without requiring fully sampled training datasets.The results demonstrate that the generative model accurately captures long-range geological structures and aligns well with unseen ground-truth velocity models. Furthermore, it is shown that the diversity of generated velocity models can be increased through prior guidance in the training phase, and model uncertainties can be reduced with well conditioning during inference.Experiments conducted with multiple datasets (BG, Synthoseis, and North Sea data) and velocity models featuring various geological structures (e.g., faults, salt bodies) suggest that our approach facilitates realistic subsurface velocity synthesis, providing valuable inputs for full-waveform inversion and enhancing seismic-based subsurface modeling.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, deep learning, diffusion models, FWI, Imaging, Inverse problems, ML4SEISMIC, RTM, SLIM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2024/erdinc2024ML4SEISMICsfm},
	author = {Huseyin Tuna Erdinc and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@article {yin2023wise,
	title = {WISE: full-Waveform variational Inference via Subsurface Extensions},
	journal = {Geophysics},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2024},
	note = {(GEOPHYSICS)},
	month = {04},
	abstract = {We introduce a probabilistic technique for full-waveform inversion, employing variational inference and conditional normalizing flows to quantify uncertainty in migration-velocity models and its impact on imaging. Our approach integrates generative artificial intelligence with physics-informed common-image gathers, reducing reliance on accurate initial velocity models. Considered case studies demonstrate its efficacy producing realizations of migration-velocity models conditioned by the data. These models are used to quantify amplitude and positioning effects during subsequent imaging.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, Geophysics, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2023-0744.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Journals/Geophysics/2024/yin2023wise/paper.html},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {yin2024IMAGEwiser,
	title = {WISER: full-Waveform variational Inference via Subsurface Extensions with Refinements},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2024},
	month = {8},
	abstract = {We introduce a cost-effective Bayesian inference method for full-waveform inversion (FWI) to quantify uncertainty in migration-velocity models and its impact on imaging. Our method targets inverse uncertainty due to null-space of the wave modeling operators and observational noise, and forward uncertainty where the uncertainty in velocity models is propagated to uncertainty in amplitude and positioning of imaged reflectivities. This is achieved by integrating generative artificial intelligence (genAI) with physics-informed common-image gathers (CIGs), which greatly reduces reliance on accurate initial FWI-velocity models. In addition, we illustrate the capability of fine-tuning the generative AI networks with frugal physics-based refinements to improve the inference accuracy.},
	keywords = {Amortized Variational Inference, Bayesian inference, CIG, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, IMAGE, Imaging, Inverse problems, MVA, RTM, SEG, Summary Statistics, Uncertainty quantification, WISE, WISER},
	url = {https://slimgroup.github.io/IMAGE2024/yin2024SEG/paper.html},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {orozco2023IMAGEabf,
	title = {Amortized Bayesian Full Waveform Inversion and Experimental Design with Normalizing Flows},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2023},
	note = {(IMAGE, Houston)},
	month = {08},
	abstract = {Probabilistic approaches to Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI), such as Bayesian ones, traditionally require expensive computations involving many wave-equation solves. To reduce the computational burden at test time, we propose to amortize the computational cost with offline training. After training, we aim to efficiently generate probabilistic FWI solutions with uncertainty. This aim is achieved by exploiting the ability of networks (i.e Normalizing Flows) to learn distributions, such as the Bayesian posterior. The posterior uncertainty is used during training to optimize the receiver sampling.},
	keywords = {bayesian, experimental design, FWI, Normalizing flows, SEG, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slimgroup.github.io/IMAGE2023/BayesianFWI/abstract.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2023/orozco2023IMAGEabf},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {herrmann2023IMAGEWSfnf,
	title = {Fast neural FWI with amortized uncertainty quantification},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy},
	year = {2023},
	note = {(IMAGE workshop, Houston)},
	month = {08},
	keywords = {bayesian, experimental design, FWI, Normalizing flows, SEG, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2023/herrmann2023IMAGEWSfnf},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {orozco2023ML4SEISMICuqs,
	title = {Uncertainty quantification so what? Leveraging probabilistic seismic inversion for experimental design},
	year = {2023},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Combining physics with recent developments of generative machine learning enables a scalable probabilistic framework for tackling seismic inversion problems including Full-Waveform Inversion. These probabilistic results can be proven to be from the Bayesian posterior but how exactly can we use them for practical downstream tasks? In this talk, we answer the question with a practical application of the probabilistic framework towards designing ocean bottom node placement of seismic imaging. With a simple adjustment to the original training objective, we show that jointly optimizing for an experimental design corresponds to maximizing the expected information gain used by the Bayesian community. After verifying this novel joint optimization with a stylized problem, we demonstrate its application for optimizing the placement of ocean bottom nodes in a synthetic seismic imaging experiment.},
	keywords = {bayesian, experimental design, FWI, ML4SEISMIC, Normalizing flows, SLIM, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2023/orozco2023ML4SEISMICuqs},
	author = {Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Peng Chen and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@presentation {yin2023ML4SEISMICwise,
	title = {WISE: Full-waveform Inference with Subsurface Extensions},
	year = {2023},
	month = {11},
	abstract = {Quantifying uncertainty in full-waveform inversion is complex given the large sizes of both the model and data. A previous approach employed a variational inference framework, leveraging reverse-time migration to summarize observed data and approximate the posterior distribution through conditional normalizing flows. While reverse-time migration effectively summarizes the data when the background model is close to the true one, its accuracy diminishes with a less accurate background model. In our study, we suggest utilizing subsurface offset gathers as the summary statistics for the variational inference of full-waveform inversion. These gathers retain all the information in seismic data, even when the background model is cycle-skipped or fails to flatten the gathers. Through a case study on Compass model, we confirm our framework{\textquoteright}s effectiveness and show that subsurface offset gathers offer a better summary statistic than just reverse-time migration.},
	keywords = {amortized Bayes, conditional normalizing flows, deep learning, FWI, inversion, machine learning, ML4SEISMIC, Normalizing flows, SLIM, Summary Statistics, uncertain quantification, Variational Inference},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/ML4SEISMIC/2023/yin2023ML4SEISMICwise},
	author = {Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Mathias Louboutin and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {louboutin2022RHPCafa,
	title = {Abstractions for at-scale seismic inversion},
	booktitle = {Rice Oil and Gas High Performance Computing Conference 2022},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Rice Oil and Gas High Performance Computing Conference 2022},
	month = {03},
	pages = {Thursday Workshop: Devito Training and Hackathon},
	abstract = {We present the SLIM open-source software framework for computational geophysics, and more generally, inverse problems based on the wave-equation (e.g., medical ultrasound). We developed a software environment aimed at scalable research and development by designing multiple layers of abstractions. This environment allows the researchers to easily formulate their problem in an abstract fashion, while still being able to exploit the latest developments in high-performance computing. We illustrate and demonstrate the benefits of our software design on many geophysical applications, including seismic inversion and physics-informed machine learning for geophysics (e.g., loop unrolled imaging, uncertainty quantification), all while facilitating the integration of external software.},
	keywords = {CCS, devito, FWI, HPC, inversion, JUDI, machine learning, RHPC, software, Uncertainty quantification},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/RHPC/2022/louboutin2022RHPCafa/RiceHPC22.pdf},
	url2 = {https://youtu.be/scRTbP8w6Wk?t=4542},
	author = {Mathias Louboutin and Ali Siahkoohi and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Thomas J. Grady II and Yijun Zhang and Philipp A. Witte and Gabrio Rizzuti and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
@conference {louboutin2022SEGais,
	title = {Accelerating innovation with software abstractions for scalable computational geophysics},
	booktitle = {International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy Expanded Abstracts},
	year = {2022},
	note = {(IMAGE, Houston)},
	month = {05},
	abstract = {We present the SLIM open-source software framework for computational geophysics, and more generally, inverse problems based on the wave-equation (e.g., medical ultrasound). We developed a software environment aimed at scalable research and development by designing multiple layers of abstractions. This environment allows the researchers to easily formulate their problem in an abstract fashion, while still being able to exploit the latest developments in high-performance computing. We illustrate and demonstrate the benefits of our software design on many geophysical applications, including seismic inversion and physics-informed machine learning for geophysics(e.g., loop unrolled imaging, uncertainty quantification), all while facilitating the integration of external software.},
	keywords = {CCS, devito, FWI, HPC, inversion, JUDI, machine learning, SEG, software, Uncertainty quantification},
	doi = {10.1190/image2022-3750561.1},
	url = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2022/louboutin2022SEGais/louboutin_seg22.html},
	presentation = {https://slim.gatech.edu/Publications/Public/Conferences/SEG/2022/louboutin2022SEGais/index.html},
	author = {Mathias Louboutin and Philipp A. Witte and Ali Siahkoohi and Gabrio Rizzuti and Ziyi Yin and Rafael Orozco and Felix J. Herrmann}
}
